Appendix - Historic Data Products

Price (2014) - Extracted Waypoints

Coordinates of points of interest documented in Price (2014) were extracted from the PDF report using tabulapdf and converted to a spatial layer (sites_restoration.gpkg, layer name = price_2014). The extracted data includes locations of river channelization, potential barriers to fish migration, and areas of upwelling groundwater. Data is also available in price_2014_waypoints.csv.

path <- "/Users/airvine/zotero/storage/7JCL42Y3/price_2014_upper_bulkley_floodplain_habitat_-_modifications,_physical_barriers,_and_sites.pdf"

# name our csv we are creating
path_file <- "data/inputs_extracted/price_2014_waypoints.csv"

# define page to extract table
page <- 32


# #if you wanted to define the area to extract would run with this the first time
# tabulapdf::locate_areas(path, pages = page)


# to get....
# tab_area = list(c(151.17224,  87.13111, 715.14139,604.27249 ))
# but....looks like it will guess correct with no help so let's do that
tabulapdf::extract_tables(path,
                                  pages = page,
                                  # method = "lattice",
                                  # output = c("tibble"),
                                  # guess = FALSE,
                                  # area = tab_area
                                  ) |>
  purrr::pluck(1) |>
  # need to make the first row be the names due to muti-line header
  janitor::row_to_names(1) |>
  # now let's burn it to a csv so we can correct the types
  readr::write_csv(path_file)

# read it back in to get the types right
tab1 <- readr::read_csv(path_file)

# now let's define the rest of the pages to extract from
page <- 33:36


# build a function to pull them all out at the same time
extract_tables_multi <- function(page){
  tabulapdf::extract_tables(path,
                                  pages = page,
                                  ) |>
  purrr::pluck(1) |>
    # use the names from the header table
  purrr::set_names(nm = names(tab1))
}

# run our function
tabs_extra <- page |>
  purrr::map_df(
    extract_tables_multi
  )

# join our og table to our multi-page output but fix a type
tab <- dplyr::bind_rows(
  tab1 |> dplyr::mutate(number = as.numeric(number)),
  tabs_extra
) |>
  # clean the names for the report
  purrr::set_names(nm = stringr::str_to_title(names(tab1))) |>
  # add a theme
dplyr::mutate(Theme = dplyr::case_when(
  stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("spawning|Spawners", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Spawning",
  stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("culvert|bridge|crossing", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Stream Crossing",
    stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("richfield", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Other",
    stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("floodplain", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Floodplain",
    stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("rail", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Railway",
    stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("field|cattle", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Agriculture",
    stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("beaver", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Beaver",
    stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("forest|clearcut|cutblock", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Forestry",
    stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("rip-rap", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Rip-rap",
    stringr::str_detect(Notes, stringr::regex("Log jam", ignore_case = TRUE)) ~ "Log jam",

    TRUE ~ "Other" # Default to Other if no other conditions are met
  )) |>

  #there is an issue at row 182... so fix by appending UB-643 to 645 [UB- to the beginning of the photo series column
  dplyr::mutate(`Photo Series` = dplyr::case_when(
    Number == 182 ~ paste0("UB-643 to 645 [UB-", `Photo Series`),
    TRUE ~ `Photo Series`
  )) |>
  # remove rows without a Number
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(Number))

# burn over our csv so we can put as table in report
tab |>
  readr::write_csv(path_file, na = '')

# create a spatial file and save to the shared project
tab |>
  janitor::clean_names() |>
  # convert the time to character to preserve as gpkg won't accept
    dplyr::mutate(time = as.character(time)) |>
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(easting)) |>
    sf::st_as_sf(coords = c("easting", "northing"), crs = 26909) |>
    sf::st_transform(3005) |>
  # put time after number and put notes as last column
  dplyr::select(number, time, theme, everything()) |>

    sf::st_write(
      dsn = "~/Projects/gis/restoration_wedzin_kwa/sites_restoration.gpkg",
      layer = 'price_2014',
      delete_layer = TRUE
    )

# read in the price 2014 data
price_2014 <- read_csv("data/inputs_extracted/price_2014_waypoints.csv")

# present as table
price_2014 %>%
  fpr::fpr_kable(caption_text = "Summary of Price (2014) waypoints for the Upper Bulkley floodplain including locations of river channelization, potential barriers to fish migration, and assessed areas of upwelling groundwater having potential importance to salmonids.")

Table 5.10: Summary of Price (2014) waypoints for the Upper Bulkley floodplain including locations of river channelization, potential barriers to fish migration, and assessed areas of upwelling groundwater having potential importance to salmonids.

Number	Photo Series	Time	Easting	Northing	Notes	Theme
34	UB-1 to 5	12:17:24	651142	6029782	Helicopter hanger	Other
35	UB-6	12:17:35	651145	6029783	Above hanger	Other
36	UB-7 to 11	13:13:51	655753	6034037	Upstream floodplain	Floodplain
37	UB-12 to 25	13:14:15	656263	6034756	Floodplain/railway	Floodplain
38	UB-26 to 40	13:14:36	656802	6035246	Disconnected floodplain	Floodplain
39	UB-41 to 56	13:16:07	659412	6036188	Riparian loss - Field to river	Agriculture
40	UB-57 to 58	13:16:43	660202	6036794	Forest removal - slash piles	Forestry
41	UB-59 to 64	13:17:16	660839	6037624	Disconnected floodplain	Floodplain
42	UB-65 to 74	13:17:51	661597	6038300	Cattle farm	Agriculture
43	UB-75 to 81	13:19:00	662959	6039601	Hay field	Agriculture
44	UB-82 to 88	13:19:37	662892	6040706	Floodplain loss to Hwy/rail	Floodplain
45	UB-89 to 91	13:20:36	663515	6042344	Backchannel cutoff	Other
46	UB-92 to 93	13:21:19	664256	6043397	Hay field	Agriculture
47	UB-94 to 103	13:22:29	666027	6043735	Hay field	Agriculture
48	UB-104 to 106	13:23:10	667123	6043706	Floodplain loss to rail	Floodplain
49	UB-107	13:24:06	668607	6043932	Rail impediment at Oxbows	Railway
50	UB-107	13:24:52	669825	6044009	Rail crossing	Stream Crossing
51	UB-108	13:25:17	670482	6043704	Floodplain loss to rail	Floodplain
52	UB-109 to 120	13:26:15	672259	6043155	Backchannel cutoff by rail, field to river	Railway
53	UB-121	13:27:10	674085	6042903	Topley rail crossing	Stream Crossing
54	UB-122 to 132	13:27:43	674810	6042145	Field to river	Agriculture
55	UB-133 to 142	13:28:26	675972	6042137	Floodplain loss to rail	Floodplain
56	UB-143 to 144	13:28:54	676499	6041543	Floodplain loss to rail	Floodplain
57	UB-145 to 153	13:29:34	677448	6040835	Floodplain loss to rail	Floodplain
58	UB-154 to 164	13:30:40	677958	6038866	New rail double track	Railway
59	UB-165 to 169	13:31:51	679597	6037220	Rail crossing	Stream Crossing
60	UB-170 to 174	13:32:21	680465	6036862	Hay fields	Agriculture
61	UB-175	13:33:21	681046	6035306	Clearcut	Forestry
62	UB-176 to 182	13:34:12	680961	6033872	Intact section	Other
63	UB-183 to 194	13:34:47	681638	6032905	Forestdale road	Forestry
64	UB-195 to 199	13:35:40	683201	6032161	Straumbold farm downstream	Other
65	UB-200 to 211	13:37:05	685413	6030472	Bulkley Lake outlet	Other
66	UB-212 to 223	13:38:29	686021	6029364	Hay field to maxan	Agriculture
67	UB-224 to 227	13:40:26	683888	6026908	maxan cutblock	Forestry
68	UB-228 to 231	13:41:16	683875	6025320	maxan cutblock	Forestry
70	UB-233	13:42:53	686279	6024057	road crossing	Stream Crossing
71	UB-234 to 236	13:44:41	687177	6023224	Maxan lake	Other
72	UB-237 to 241	13:45:09	686813	6022650	Foxy creek cutblock	Forestry
73	UB-242 to 245	13:47:37	686860	6022124	Foxy creek cutblock	Forestry
74	UB-239 to 256	13:48:44	686992	6023133	foxy/maxan confluence	Other
75	UB-257	13:49:59	686614	6023770	road crossing	Stream Crossing
76	UB-258	13:50:32	686210	6024130	hay field to creek	Agriculture
77	UB-259 to 261	13:51:59	685466	6024649	maxan beaver dam	Beaver
78	UB-262 to 264	13:53:09	685237	6024844	field to river-log jam	Agriculture
79	UB-265 to 270	13:54:18	684348	6024997	Beaver dam	Beaver
80	UB-271 to 274	13:56:04	683932	6026032	beaver dam/breach	Beaver
81	UB-275 to 282	13:57:42	683762	6026942	land slide	Other
82	UB-283 to 285	13:59:09	683917	6027487	hay field / jam	Agriculture
83	UB-286 to 290	13:59:45	684190	6027906	Beaver activity	Beaver
84	UB-291 to 299	14:00:19	684354	6028189	Hay field	Agriculture
85	UB-300 to 304	14:01:09	684890	6028667	Beaver activity	Beaver
86	UB-305 to 307	14:01:28	685106	6028665	Beaver dam	Beaver
87	UB-308 to 314	14:02:05	685428	6028712	Beaver dam	Beaver
88	UB-315 to 321	14:02:27	685549	6028826	derelict bridge	Stream Crossing
89	UB-322 to 324	14:03:09	685814	6029114	Beaver dam	Beaver
90	UB-325 to 327	14:03:35	685789	6029396	Hay field to maxan	Agriculture
91	UB-328 to 334	14:03:53	686037	6029429	Hay field to maxan	Agriculture
92	UB-335 to 338	14:04:27	686479	6029579	Maxan Lake outlet	Other
93	UB-339 to 341	14:05:35	686187	6030211	Bulkley Lake outlet	Other
94	UB-342 to 356	14:06:06	685785	6030439	Strombould’s rail/road crossings	Stream Crossing
95	UB-357 to 362	14:06:37	685310	6030510	rip-rap	Rip-rap
96	UB-363 to 365	14:07:18	685110	6030621	Field to river	Agriculture
97	UB-366 to 369	14:07:47	684926	6031060	rip-rap	Rip-rap
98	UB-370 to 372	14:08:57	684495	6031282	Field to river	Agriculture
99	UB-373 to 383	14:09:47	684008	6031695	Beaver dam/field to river	Agriculture
100	UB-384 to 388	14:10:33	683685	6032076	bridge/hay field	Stream Crossing
101	UB-389 to 395	14:11:22	683002	6032245	rail bridge	Stream Crossing
102	UB-396 to 402	14:12:12	682505	6032418	Rail impediment	Railway
103	UB-403 to 405	14:12:57	682091	6032534	bridge crossing	Stream Crossing
104	UB-406 to 410	14:13:36	681888	6032762	bridge crossing	Stream Crossing
105	UB-411 to 412	14:14:31	681419	6033019	beaver dam	Beaver
106	UB-413 to 415	14:15:02	681137	6033505	beaver dam	Beaver
107	UB-416	14:15:19	681166	6033765	beaver dam	Beaver
108	UB-417	14:16:11	680743	6034552	beaver dam	Beaver
109	UB-418	14:16:37	680933	6034871	beaver dam	Beaver
110	UB-419 to 424	14:17:26	681055	6035312	beaver dam/rail bridge	Stream Crossing
111	UB-425	14:18:15	681362	6035812	Hayfield/power line	Agriculture
113	UB-428 to 430	14:19:08	680861	6036661	hay field to creek	Agriculture
114	UB-431 to 434	14:19:51	680310	6037029	bridge	Stream Crossing
115	UB-435 to 440	14:20:20	679974	6037284	beaver dam	Beaver
116	UB-441 to 444	14:20:49	679961	6037252	bridge and new track	Stream Crossing
117	UB-445	14:21:22	679540	6037279	Beaver dam	Beaver
118	UB-446 to 448	14:21:51	679148	6037507	Beaver dam/rail to river	Railway
119	UB-449 to 453	14:22:17	679010	6037815	Beaver dam	Beaver
120	UB-454 to 455	14:22:39	678774	6038004	Beaver dam	Beaver
121	UB-456 to 459	14:23:20	678295	6038283	Bulkley falls	Other
122	UB-460 to 462	14:24:01	678222	6038509	Beaver dam	Beaver
123	UB-463 to 464	14:24:19	678184	6038767	Log jam	Log jam
124	UB-465 to 466	14:24:37	678104	6039025	Beaver dam	Beaver
125	UB-467	14:25:23	677952	6039499	Hay field	Agriculture
126	UB-468 to 471	14:25:44	677719	6039669	Beaver dam/Spawners	Spawning
127	UB-472	14:26:26	677666	6039852	Beaver dam	Beaver
128	UB-473 to 475	14:26:38	677550	6039878	Beaver dam	Beaver
129	UB-476 to 479	14:27:09	677763	6040152	Rail crossing	Stream Crossing
130	UB-480 to 486	14:27:39	677719	6040526	rip-rap/beaver dam	Beaver
131	UB-487 to 488	14:28:17	677614	6040916	field to river	Agriculture
132	UB-489 to 492	14:28:33	677292	6040997	Rail crossing	Stream Crossing
133	UB-493	14:29:02	676911	6041236	beaver dam	Beaver
134	UB-494 to 496	14:29:13	676801	6041386	rip-rap/beaver dam	Beaver
135	UB-497 to 501	14:29:40	676547	6041728	rail to river	Railway
136	UB-502 to 507	14:30:04	676358	6042030	rail to river	Railway
137	UB-508 to 509	14:30:43	675666	6041986	Spawning salmon	Spawning
138	UB-510 to 511	14:31:12	675177	6042050	field to river/spawners	Spawning
139	UB-512	14:31:35	674850	6042113	cattle farm to river	Agriculture
140	UB-513 to 515	14:32:10	674572	6042590	field to river	Agriculture
141	UB-516 to 522	14:32:21	674492	6042716	Topley crossing	Stream Crossing
142	UB-523	14:33:36	673931	6043020	rail to river	Railway
143	UB-524 to 526	14:33:48	673672	6043081	field to river	Agriculture
144	UB-527 to 532b	14:34:13	673142	6043205	Rail impediment	Railway
145	UB-533 to 534	14:35:18	671960	6043267	ploughed field to river	Agriculture
146	UB-535 to 536	14:36:48	672014	6043155	Richfield confluence	Other
147	UB-537 to 538	14:37:06	672098	6043368	rail bridge/richfield	Stream Crossing
148	UB 539	14:37:27	672217	6043636	Homested on river bank	Other
149	UB-539a	14:37:43	672332	6043861	Richfield village	Other
150	UB-540 to 545	14:38:01	672459	6044122	Culvert on Richfield creek	Stream Crossing
151	UB-546 to 548	14:40:55	670206	6043943	rail bridge	Stream Crossing
152	UB-549 to 555	14:41:20	670218	6044233	Johnny-David confluence/field to river	Agriculture
153	UB-556 to 558	14:42:01	670260	6044784	Johnny_David Hwy culvert	Stream Crossing
154	UB-559 to 561	14:43:22	669614	6044178	Log jam on Bulkley	Log jam
156	UB-564 to 566	14:44:09	668935	6043858	rip-rap and rail impediment	Railway
157	UB-567 to 568	14:44:38	668718	6044141	field to river	Agriculture
158	UB-569 to 570	14:45:13	668132	6044225	field to river	Agriculture
159	UB-571 to 576	14:45:35	667876	6044164	rail bridge/spawners	Spawning
160	UB-577 to 580	14:46:02	667599	6043901	rail to river	Railway
161	UB-581 to 584	14:46:46	666827	6043710	field to river	Agriculture
162	UB-585 to 586	14:47:04	666637	6044012	field to river	Agriculture
163	UB-587 to 588	14:47:58	665701	6043914	Byman Ck rail bridge	Stream Crossing
164	–	14:48:29	665847	6044090	Byman Ck Hwy bridge?	Stream Crossing
165	UB-589 to 595	14:49:12	666717	6044190	Byman Ck Hwy culvert	Stream Crossing
166	–	14:50:41	665631	6043933	Perow Ck?	Other
167	UB-596 to 597	14:50:56	665378	6043809	Byman/Perow Ck confluence	Other
168	UB-598 to 600	14:51:14	665013	6043738	field to river	Agriculture
169	UB-601 to 608	14:51:49	664394	6043652	McQuarrie Ck rail bridge	Stream Crossing
170	UB-609 to 610	14:52:45	663942	6043256	Rail impediment	Railway
171	UB-611 to 612	14:53:44	663396	6042264	Rail impediment	Railway
172	UB-613 to 616	14:54:40	662962	6041236	Rail impediment	Railway
173	UB-617 to 623	14:55:17	662763	6040601	field to river	Agriculture
174	UB-624 to 625	14:55:41	662902	6040258	Log jam	Log jam
175	UB-626 to 627	14:56:10	663203	6039849	field to river	Agriculture
176	UB-628 to 630	14:56:39	662888	6039572	cattle on river bank	Agriculture
177	UB-631	14:57:27	662554	6038924	field to river	Agriculture
178	UB-632	14:58:08	661935	6038530	field to river	Agriculture
179	UB-633	14:58:24	661750	6038638	field to river	Agriculture
180	UB-634 to 639	14:59:00	661181	6038563	Rail impediment	Railway
181	UB-640 to 642	14:59:26	661220	6038243	field to river	Agriculture
182	UB-643 to 645 [UB-645b]	15:00:28	661095	6037670	field to river	Agriculture
183	UB-646 to 649	15:00:46	660929	6037901	Rail impediment	Railway
184	–	15:01:16	660629	6037716	Rail impediment	Railway
185	UB-650 to 651	15:01:28	660804	6037542	field to river	Agriculture
186	UB-652 to 653	15:02:22	660186	6037094	field to river/new felling	Agriculture
187	UB-654	15:02:38	659934	6037048	Log jam	Log jam
188	UB-655	15:02:51	660025	6036894	field to river	Agriculture
189	UB-656 to 659	15:03:12	659727	6036905	Beaver dam	Beaver
190	UB-660 to 662	15:03:34	659600	6036720	Rail impediment	Railway
191	UB-663	15:04:04	659158	6036486	Rail impediment	Railway
192	UB-664 to 667	15:04:16	658950	6036296	field to river	Agriculture
193	UB-668	15:04:59	658767	6036267	Rail impediment	Railway
194	UB-669 to 671	15:05:12	658629	6036169	Rail impediment	Railway
195	UB-672	15:05:53	658302	6035960	field to river/new felling	Agriculture
196	UB-673	15:06:18	658300	6035785	Bridge crossing	Stream Crossing
198	UB-675 to 677	15:08:06	656590	6035193	Rail impediment	Railway
199	UB-678 to 683	15:08:50	656233	6034772	Rail impediment	Railway
200	UB-684 to 687	15:09:29	655751	6034399	Log jam/rail impediment	Railway
201	UB-688	15:10:26	655269	6033756	Log jam	Log jam
202	UB-689	15:10:55	655385	6033514	Log jam	Log jam
203	UB-690 to 692	15:12:26	654578	6032198	field to river	Agriculture
204	UB-693 to 694	15:12:46	654145	6032016	field to river	Agriculture
205	UB-695 to 698	15:13:08	653873	6031629	cows to river/salmon/road impediment	Other
206	UB-699 to 704	15:13:29	653536	6031438	bridge, road impediment	Stream Crossing
207	UB-705 to 706	15:14:10	653033	6031247	Houston bridge	Stream Crossing
208	UB-707 to 708	15:14:47	652529	6031048	Houston rip-rap	Rip-rap
209	UB-709 to 712	15:15:32	651559	6030710	Houston rip-rap	Rip-rap
210	UB-713 to 715	15:15:58	651100	6030372	Houston settling ponds	Other
211	UB-716	15:16:14	651063	6030024	Westland rip-rap	Rip-rap
212	UB-717 to 719	15:16:47	650701	6029641	rail rip-rap	Railway

MacKay et al. (1998) - Extracted Prescriptions and Riparian Polygons

Restoration prescriptions and riparian polygon data from MacKay et al. (1998) were extracted and spatialized through two complementary workflows:

Prescription Text Extraction: Complex regex patterns were used to parse unstructured PDF text, extracting 18 fields per prescription including location, UTM coordinates, impact descriptions, goals, and proposed works. Manual correction was required to fix coordinate errors in the original document. Results are available in ncfdc_1998_prescriptions.csv and as the ncfdc_1998_prescriptions_raw layer in sites_restoration.gpkg.

Riparian Prescription Spatialization: Appendix maps from the original report were georeferenced in QGIS to identify reach break locations. Prescriptions in the original report used chainage (distance upstream from reach breaks) rather than coordinates. Using fwapgr (a wrapper for fwapg), reach breaks were indexed to the BC Freshwater Atlas to obtain downstream route measures, which were then combined with prescription chainage values to geolocate each riparian polygon along the stream network. Results are stored as the ncfdc_1998_riparian_raw layer in sites_restoration.gpkg.

ncfdc_1998_71a %>%
  fpr::fpr_kable(caption_text = "Table 71a from the NCFDC (1998) report - summary of the prioritization of sub-basins in the Neexdzii Kwah region.",
                 scroll = FALSE)

Table 5.11: Table 71a from the NCFDC (1998) report - summary of the prioritization of sub-basins in the Neexdzii Kwah region.

Sub-Basin	Fish.Values	Watershed.Value	Level.of.Impact	Cumulative.Impacts	Rank
Richfield	6	3	2	1	1
Emerson	2	8	1	2	2
McQuarrie	7	4	3	3	3
Barren	5	6	4	4	4
Aitken	8	2	5	6	5
Byman	4	5	6	5	6
Buck	3	1	7	7	7
Bulkley	1	7	8	8	8

# read in from the path using row 4 as teh header

path <- "~/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-Personal/Projects/2024-069-ow-wedzin-kwa-restoration/data/ncfdc_1998/Mid Bulkley Detailed FHAP_CAP_RAP/Appendix/AppH.xls"



path_file <- "data/inputs_extracted/ncfdc_1998_73_app_h.csv"

# read in the data, clean and burn to csv
readxl::read_excel(path, skip = 3) |>
  # fill down for System and Sub-basin columns
  tidyr::fill(System, `Sub-Basin`) |>
  # save as csv to data/inputs_extracted/ncfdc_1998_73_app_h.csv
  readr::write_csv(path_file)

Table 5.12: Table 73 from digital Appendix H of the NCFDC (1998) report (not included in pdf). Decision matrix to prioritize reaches for restoration based on watershed position, fisheries value, synergistic (downstream impact) value, the nature of impacts (sorted descending by total weight)

System	Sub-Basin	Reach	Position	Weight…5	Fish Value	Weight…7	Synergistic Value	Weight…9	Land-Use Problems	Physical Problems	Biological Problems	Comments	Current State	Weight…15	Ownership	Weight…17	Total Weight	Priority
Buck	Buck	11	Headwater	3	Moderate	2	Very High	4	Road in riparian zone at many points altering drainage and delivering sediment to channel, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features in isolated areas, upstream land-use problems related to cumulative altered basin hydrology	Aggradation, bank erosion, avulsions, surface and matrix sediments infiltrating substrate, altered hydrology	–	Perched and undersized culvert and harvested riparian zone below FSR crossing on unnamed tributary at upper end of reach causing major channel disturbance and sediment delivery donwstream.	Functioning-at-risk	3	Crown	3	15	Very High
Buck	Klo	2	Headwater	3	Moderate	2	Very High	4	Logging and logging roads in upslope areas, upstream land-use problems related to altered hydrology and sediment delivery	Channel disturbance, abundant surface sediments and embedded substrate affecting spawning habitat, loss of log jams at geomorphic control points and their sediment storage function, and a low habitat complexity and pool frequency	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Upstream land-use is dominantly responsible for impacts in this reach	Functioning-at-risk	3	Crown	3	15	Very High
McQuarrie	McQuarrie	3	Mid-Elevation	2	Moderate	2	Very High	4	Poorly installed culvert, upslope road delivering sediments to channel and altering surface/groundwater flows	Aggradation, surface and matrix sediment infiltration of substrate	Damage to spawning and rearing habitat due to sediment infiltration of substrate matrix, possible upstream barrier at FSR culvert	–	Functioning-at-risk	3	Crown	3	14	Very High
Barren	Barren	2	Fan	2	High	3	Very High	4	Diversions, poorly installed culverts, compacted floodplain soils, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features, upslope land-use, road runoff and fill-slope erosion	Slope instability and sediment delivery, aggradation, bank erosion, high temperatures, surface and matrix sediments, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of habitat complexity	Stressful summer temperatures to salmon and rainbow/steelhead, damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat, no upstream access through FSR culvert	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private/ Crown	2	14	Very High
Buck	Klo	1	Headwater	3	Moderate	2	High	3	Upstream land-use problems related to altered hydrology and sediment delivery	Extreme channel disturbance, abundant surface sediments and embedded substrate affecting spawning habitat, loss of log jams at geomorphic control points and their sediment storage function, and a low habitat complexity	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Upstreamland-use is dominantly responsible for impacts in this reach	Poorly functioning	2	Crown	3	13	Very High
Byman	Byman	1	Fan	1	Very High	4	High	3	Diversions, channelizing, compacted floodplain soils, lost riparian and floodplain function through complete or partial removal of key features	Slope instability and sediment delivery, aggradation, bank erosion, high temperatures, surface and matrix sediments, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of habitat complexity	Stressful to lethal summer temperatures to salmon and rainbow/steelhead, damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private	1	12	High
Buck	Buck	4	Mid-Elevation	2	High	3	High	3	Channelizing, isolated areas of compacted floodplain soils and altered riparian forest, roads in the upslope and riparian zone, upstream land-use problems related to hydrology and sediment delivery	Aggradation, bank erosion, surface and matrix sediments infiltrating substrate, poor LWD function, loss of complexity, altered hydrology, loss of log jams at geomorphic notch points downstream	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Upstream impacts are dominantly responsible for impacts in this reach	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private	1	12	High
Buck	Buck	6	Mid-Elevation	2	High	3	High	3	Compaction of floodplain soils, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features, upstream land-use problems, road in the riparian zone altering drainage and delivering sediment	Low pool frequency, lack of functional LWD and extensive riparian disturbance (poor stream shading, temporal gap in LWD recruitment, bank stability) related to the Swiss Fire	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Sediment delivery from tributaries in the Swiss Fire area must also be considered.	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private/ Crown	1	12	High
Richfield	Richfield	1	Fan	1	Very high	4	High	3	Poorly installed culverts, channelizing, compacted floodplain soils, lost riparian and floodplain function through complete or partial removal of key features	Aggradation, bank erosion, high temperatures, surface and matrix sediments, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of complexity	Stressful to lethal summer temperatures to salmon and rainbow/steelhead, damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure	Poorly functioning	2	Private	1	11	High
McQuarrie	McQuarrie	1	Fan	1	Very High	4	High	3	Channelizing, compacted floodplain soils, lost riparian and floodplain function through complete or partial removal of key features	Slope instability and sediment delivery, aggradation, bank erosion, high temperatures, surface and matrix sediments, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of habitat complexity	Stressful to lethal summer temperatures to salmon and rainbow/steelhead, damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure	Poorly functioning	2	Private	1	11	High
Barren	Barren	1	Fan	1	Very high	4	High	3	Poorly installed culverts, compacted floodplain soils, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features	Aggradation causing braiding and subsurface flow problems, bank erosion, high temperatures, surface and matrix sediment infiltration of substrate, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of habitat complexity	Stressful to lethal summer temperatures to salmon and rainbow/steelhead, damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat, no presence of species historically present in reach.	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure, upstream impacts dominantly responsible for problems in this reach	Poorly functioning	2	Private	1	11	High
Aitken	Aitken	1	Fan	1	Very high	4	Moderate	2	Past agriculture and forestry, isolated areas of soil compaction and riparian modification due to low intensity cattle grazing	Aggradation, bank erosion, high temperatures, surface and matrix sediments, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of habitat complexity	Stressful summer temperatures to salmon and rainbow/steelhead, damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure both from this reach and upstream	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private	1	11	High
Aitken	Aitken	3A	Mid-Elevation	2	Moderate	2	High	3	Logging to streambanks, on floodplain, and in upslope areas, roads in riparian zone, water diversions and withdrawls, upstream land-use, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features	Aggradation, bank erosion, lateral instability, surface and matrix sediments infiltrating substrate, slope instability, low stream shading	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat in isolated areas	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure from upstream	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private	1	11	High
Buck	Dungate	1	Fan	1	Very high	4	High	3	Compacted floodplain soils, lost riparian and floodplain function through complete or partial removal of key features, possible upstream land-use problems related to sediment delivery	Avulsion, multiple channels, abundant surface sediments and embedded susbtrate affecting spawning habitat, aggradation in lower 250 metres. Poor LWD function and pool frequency in upper 650 metres.	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure	Poorly functioning	2	Private	1	11	High
Emerson	Emerson	1	Fan	1	Very high	4	Low	1	Channelizing, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features, upstream land-use problems related to sediment delivery, upslope road altering surface and groundwater drainage patterns	Aggradation, bank erosion, surface and matrix sediments, and poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of complexity within and below channelized section.	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Upstream sediment input related to a large debis flow in reach 3. Very high value bull trout stream for adult recruitment to the Mid-Bulkley	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private/ Crown	2	11	High
Buck	Buck	2	Fan	1	Very high	4	Moderate	2	Compacted floodplain soils, lost riparian and floodplain function through complete or partial removal of key features, upstream land-use problems related to hydrology and sediment delivery	Aggradation, bank erosion, surface and matrix sediments infiltrating substrate, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of complexity, altered hydrology, loss of log jams at geomorphic notch points	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat, very low densities of some species reported to be historically abundant	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure, upstream impacts are escalating all impacts in this reach	Poorly functioning	2	Private	1	10	Moderate
Bulkley River	Bulkley River	3	Mainstem	1	Very high	3	Moderate	2	Diversion and channelizing, compaction of floodplain soils, water withdrawls, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features, upstream land-use problems related to hydrology and sediment delivery	Aggradation, bank erosion, high temperatures, surface and matrix sediments, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of complexity	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure inputs upstream and in the reach	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private	1	10	Moderate
Richfield	Richfield	2	Fan	1	High	3	High	3	Alteration of riparian forest, grazing in floodplain and upslope areas.	Slope instability, minor loss of understory riparian vegetation	–	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure	Functioning	1	Private	1	9	Moderate
Buck	Buck	1	Fan	1	Very high	4	Low	1	Diversion and channelizing, compaction of floodplain soils, drainage simplification, water withdrawls, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features, upstream land-use problems	Aggradation, bank erosion, surface and matrix sediments infiltrating substrate, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of complexity, altered hydrology	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat, very low densities of some species reported to be historically abundant	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure from upstream land-use, upstream impacts are escalating all impacts in this reach	Poorly functioning	2	Private/ Municipal	1	9	Moderate
Buck	Dungate	2	Fan	1	High	3	High	3	Alteration of riparian forest, grazing in floodplain and upslope areas. Possible upstream land-use problems related to sediment delivery.	Sediment wedges and poor pool frequency likely related to upstream sediment delivery	–	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure	Functioning	1	Private	1	9	Moderate
Bulkley River	Bulkley River	1	Mainstem	1	Very high	3	Low	1	Diversion and channelizing, compaction of floodplain soils, drainage simplification, water withdrawls, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features, upstream land-use problems related to hydrology and sediment delivery, upslope roads altering surface and groundwater drainage	Slope instability, aggradation, bank erosion, high temperatures, surface and matrix sediments, poor pool frequency, poor LWD function, loss of complexity	Stressful summer temperatures to salmon and rainbow/steelhead, damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure and municipal sewage inputs from upstream	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private	1	9	Moderate
Bulkley River	Bulkley River	2	Mainstem	1	Very high	3	Low	1	Diversion and channelizing, compaction of floodplain soils, drainage simplification in the vicinity of Houston, water withdrawls, lost riparian and floodplain functions through complete or partial removal of key features, upstream land-use problems related to hydrology and sediment delivery	Aggradation, bank erosion, spawning gravel smothering, substrate embedding and loss of microhabitat for juvenile fish and certain invertebrate species, high sediment load and possibly altered runoff regime on channel pattern and geometry due to upstream land-use impacts	Damage to and loss of critical salmonid spawning and rearing habitat	Eutrophication and BOD problems related to cattle manure inputs upstream and in the reach	Functioning-at-risk	3	Private	1	9	Moderate
Buck	Buck	5	Mid-Elevation	2	High	3	High	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8	–
Dockrill	Dockrill	1	Fan	1	Low	1	Low	1	Channelizing, , diversions, removal of key riparian and floodplain features by forest harvesting	Bank erosion and lateral movement	–	High sediment load due to glacier in headwaters, very low temperatures and high gradient/water velocities	Functioning	1	Private/ Crown	2	6	Low

ncfdc_1998 <- readr::read_csv(
  "data/ncfdc_1998_prescriptions_hand_bomb.csv",
  locale = readr::locale(encoding = "UTF-8")
)

ncfdc_1998_cleaned <- ncfdc_1998 |>
  dplyr::mutate(
    dplyr::across(
      dplyr::everything(),
      ~ as.character(.) |>
        stringr::str_replace_all("[^[:alnum:][:space:].,]", "") |> # Retain alphanumeric, spaces, periods, and parentheses
        stringr::str_replace_all("\\.", "\\\\.")    |>
        stringr::str_replace_all("\\,", "\\\\,")
    )
  )

ncfdc_1998_cleaned %>%
  dplyr::select(sub_basin:technical_references) %>%
  knitr::kable(
    booktabs = T,
    label = NA,
    caption = "Summary of  NCFDC (1998) prescriptions for the Neexdzii Kwah area."
    ) |>
  kableExtra::kable_styling(c("condensed", "responsive"),
                              full_width = T,
                              font_size = font_set) |>
  kableExtra::scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "500px")

Table 5.13: Summary of NCFDC (1998) prescriptions for the Neexdzii Kwah area.

sub_basin	creek	reach	prescription_number	related_riparian_prescription	category	location	utm_zone	utm_northing	utm_easting	land_tenure	impact_description	goals	master_plan_objectives	description_of_proposed_works	technical_references
Richfield	Richfield	1	1	RIC007	2	0850 metres upstream from mouth, UTM 9.6044150.672380, Highway 16crossing	9	6044150	672380	Private, highway rightofway	Channelizing on both banks with riprap to bankfull height, twopipearch culverts, one impassable at most flows, both impassable at low flows.	To complex habitat and dissipate hydraulic energy. To provide access upstreamto juvenile salmonids during the summer lowflow period.	1 Reestablish upstream access to resident and anadromous fish species where barriers have been created by landuse.2 Reestablish spatial habitat diversity and quality, and hydraulic energy dissipation in areas that have been channelized. A longterm goal which requires cooperation between private landowners and regulatory agencies is the dechannelizing of these areas and their reconnection to normal floodplain functioning, which is beyond the scope of this project.	Build three riffle structures one above culvert, two below to initiate vertical variability in hydraulic energy and the sorting of stream substrate to form a rifflepool morphology. The first riffle below the culvert will have a higher crest and length maintaining the same grade on the face of the riffle to backwater the culvert at summer low flows. Initial design specifications are presented in the conceptual prescription drawing. Other design data relating to D, tractive force, and estimated bankfull discharge are presented in the reach impact and restoration diagnostics.Clean rock and concrete debris from in front of both culverts and in their plunge pools which will obstruct access andor interfere with pool formation.Plant the riprap with live cuttings of deciduous trees and shrubs see riparian prescription	Newbury et al., 1997 Soto, 1997 Donat, 1995 Newbury and Gaboury, 1993
Richfield	Richfield	1	2	–	1	0 to 0390 metres and 1050 to1923 metres upstream from the mouth	–	6043312	671988	Crown within bankfull width, private land on both banks throughoutprescription area	Extensive point and midchannel bars due to upstream sources ofsediment and bedload.	To stabilize aggraded areas which will continue to promote channel instability despiteupstream restoration efforts for some time if not actively restored. This step is not to becarried out until all other restoration work in the reach is complete.	6 Stabilize extensive bars and promote channel narrowing and deepening where feasible and when upstream sources of disturbance have been alleviated.	Place several large to extralarge sizeclass LWD with rootwads facing the current in a crosswise pattern armouring the top of the bar. Bury the top half of these trees in the streambed. This configuration will promote sedimentation downstream, and an excellent environment for the seed and whips of shrubs and trees to colonize the tail end of the bar. LWD is to be transported from a road site and moved into place with the aid of a horse logging company and a crew to assist in finetuning the placements of logs. In the voids between crossed logs, whole willow rootballs select a nearby gravel bar colonizing species such as coyote willow are to be planted in the substrate following one bankfull floods sedimentation. This will serve to speed the stabilization of the bar.	Soto et. al., 1997b
Richfield	Richfield	1	3	RIC011	1	2478 metres upstream from the mouth, UTM 9.6045100.672300	9	6045100	672300	Private	Rotational slump on right valley wall, sand and clay slump blocksliding on a sandy stratum. Below cleared and grazed land. Cattle use of several bencheson the face is probably exacerbating the problem.	To mitigate downstream sediment delivery from this site. Channel disturbanceand land use is minimal in reach 2 upstream.	5 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance, andor when passive restoration needs to be integrated with active restoration.	Armour the toe of this slope approximately 50 m long with large cobble size class riprap and carry out the related riparian prescription. Toe armouring should be placed to a level below the existing thalweg to ensure that works are not undercut by scour. Access should be arranged with the landowner, for which there is a secondary road to within 200 metres of the site. A chainsaw winch could be used to haul the rock the remaining distance. Alternately, a hoe and driver with low impact tires could be employed to do this, as well as a team of draft horses from a horselogging outfit.	Donat, 1995 Chatwin et al., 1994
Byman	Byman	1	1	BYM15 and BYM17	1	2045 metres, 2421 metres, and 2625 metres upstream from the mouth onthe downstream right bank.	–	6044592	667151	PrivatePrescription Photo One of two large slides on the right valley wall in the reachlocation 2045m. Photo taken looking upstream.	Constant diverting of the creek away from the alluvial fan andconfining it to the valley upstream has lead to significant slope instability in two areas.	To mitigate downstream sediment delivery from this site.	5 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance, andor when passive restoration needs to be integrated with active restoration.	Armour toe of slope with several rootwads cabled together and into the substrate using duckbill anchors. Construct an upstream repelling groyne from angular rock to redirect flow away from the toe of the slope toward the middle of the channel but not towards opposite banks to reduce toe scour. Carry out riparian prescription where soil conditions allow much of the lower slope consists of hardpan clays	WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapter 6 Donat, 1995 Chatwin et al., 1994
Byman	Byman	1	2	BYM8 to BYM10	2	1030 to 1660 metres upstream from the mouth. Left and right banks. UTM9.6044300.666280 to 9.6044350.666910	–	6044300	666280	Private	Diversion of the creek using a long straight dyke circa 1948 awayfrom the Bulkley River floodplain and West to connect with Perow Creek. This hascaused extensive degradation and channel feature homogenization. Combined withextensive cattle grazing and the removal of upstream LWD, this has severely damagedfish habitat in this section.	To complex habitat and dissipate hydraulic energy. To provide increasedquantity and quality of summer rearing habitat for juvenile salmonids, particularly cohoand chinook salmon.	1 Reestablish upstream access to resident and anadromous fish species where barriers have been created by landuse.2 Reestablish spatial habitat diversity and quality, and hydraulic energy dissipation in areas that have been channelized. A longterm goal which requires cooperation between private landowners and regulatory agencies is the dechannelizing of these areas and their reconnection to normal floodplain functioning, which is beyond the scope of this project.	In concert with riparian prescriptions to restore floodplain and bank stability functions. Create a series of nine upstream vwier LWD structures at 70 metre intervals. Design specifications and configuration are indicated in the conceptual drawing. The first wier will serve to backwater the highway culvert and increase access to and from upstream reaches during the summer lowflow period.	WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapter 8 Donat, 1995 Newbury and Gaboury, 1993
McQuarrie	McQuarrie	1	1	MCQ8	1	0900 metres upstream from the mouth. UTM 9.6044350.663900	9	6044350	663900	Private	Sediment delivery from a rotational slump of finetexturedmaterials. Impact vectors are thought to be cattle tramplinggrazing and removal ofoverstoryshrub vegetation at the top of the slope altering surface and subsurface drainagepatterns in the slope, and removing the stabilizing and strengthening effect of plant roots.	To mitigate the delivery of sediment downstream by continued mass movementof this slope.	5 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance, andor when passive restoration needs to be integrated with active restoration.	In concert with riparian prescription, to armour the toe of the slope with angular rock to form a rock toe key. Depth of this key should be to a depth just beyond that of the deepest portion of the thalweg in crosssection to prevent scouring of rock away from the toe. Create a hook groyne with available materials to dissipate energy moving downstream from the site.	WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapter 6 Donat, 1995 Chatwin et al., 1994
McQuarrie	McQuarrie	1	2	MCQ1 and 2	2	0 to 0420 metres upstream from the mouth, both banks. UTM	–	6043613	664220	Private, CNR and highway rightofways	Channelizing on both banks with riprap to bankfull heighteliminating riparianfloodplain function and creating homogeneous riffleglide habitat.	To complex habitat and dissipate hydraulic energy.	2 Reestablish spatial habitat diversity and quality, and hydraulic energy dissipation in areas that have been channelized. A longterm goal which requires cooperation between private landowners and regulatory agencies is the dechannelizing of these areas and their reconnection to normal floodplain functioning, which is beyond the scope of this project.	Refer to works designed for Richfield Creek reach 1 impact prescription 1, Byman Reach 1 impact prescription 2 and Emerson Creek reach 1.impact prescription 1 for concepts. With an interval of 67 channel widths between structures 6070 metres, there will a total of 6 riffle, weir, or groyne structures required. Average riffle length should be based on maintaining a 10 101 slope on the riffle face. Material sizing should be approximately the average D 27 cm times a safety factor of 1.5. This would yield materials sizes in the vicinity of 40cm on the baxis diameter.	Newbury et al., 1997 Soto, 1997 Donat, 1995 Newbury and Gaboury, 1993
McQuarrie	McQuarrie	3	1	MCQ19	2	1828 metres upstream from reach break. UTM 9.6048080.656500. MichelleBay FSR crossing.	9	6048080	656500	Crown	Undersized culvert is a barrier to upstream fish passage at lowflows, and is undersized for flood flows in the reach, causing fill slope erosion at the roadcrossing, and channel disturbance downstream.	To reestablish upstream fish access during summer lowflow periods, and tomitigate downstream sources of channel disturbance due to flow concentration andsubsequent velocity increase.	1 Reestablish upstream access to resident and anadromous fish species where barriers have been created by landuse.2 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance	Replace the existing culvert with a bridge. Bridge designed to withstand 1 in 100 year flood magnitude. Design will incorporate regrading the channel as a series of riffle steps to ensure fish passage and to avoid further channel disturbance by locally increasing channel gradient. Channel below bridge will be excavated to old channel grade prior to culvert installation. Design specifications are included in conceptual drawing. Bar stabilization of large sedimentbedload wedge upstream of existing culvert, as outlined in riparian prescription. Riparian planting as outlined in riparian prescription.	Soto, 1997a WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapter 5Survey and Design Work Required Engineering survey to create planprofile drawings and proper design specifications for bridge and installation features. Creation of field report summarizing detailed cost estimate, engineering drawings and design specifications and workplan. Silviculture Prescription formulation, site visit with RPF, and RPF signoff.Survey and Design Cost Estimate Engineering Survey FeesProfessional engineer for 6 days600day3600, two surveyors for one day300day600 Total4200 Engineering Survey Expenses Equipment and vehicle rental250, per diems150, travel and accomodation3000, report materials500, project management and administration500 Total4400 Silviculture Prescription Ecologist for 2 days300day, RPF for 1 day500day500 expenses Total1600 Total cost estimate 10 200Estimated Cost of Implementing Works Culvert Replacement with Bridge64 000 Creation of stonelines to facilitate fish passage30000km x 0.1 km3000 Armouring and stabilizing upstream bar 5800 acquiringshipping LWD1000, movingplacing LWD on bar 2200 horselogger fees labour and expenses, planting bar and riparian prescription area 2600 Total cost estimate 73 000Approvals Required Federal Fisheries Act MELP fisheries branch BC Water Act, section 9 notification and approval
Barren	Barren	1	1	BAR003	2	0 to 0270 metres upstream from mouth. UTM 9.6038760.660650 to9.6038850.660450. Upstream end bounded by the Highway 16 crossing	9	6038760	660650	Private	Upstream sediment sources causing extensive aggradation of finesandy materials in this area, coupled with extensive cattle grazing and bank compaction.	Reestablish a single channel thread and provide access to oxbow pond adjacentto the channel.	1 Reestablish upstream access to resident and anadromous fish species where barriers have been created by landuse.2 Reestablish spatial habitat diversity and quality, and hydraulic energy dissipation in areas that have been channelized. A longterm goal which requires cooperation between private landowners and regulatory agencies is the dechannelizing of these areas and their reconnection to normal floodplain functioning, which is beyond the scope of this project.3 Passively restore riparian areas wherever possible with landowner cooperation to limit landuse to areas outside of the riparian zone.4 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance, andor when passive restoration needs to be integrated with active restoration.5 Stabilize extensive bars and promote channel narrowing and deepening where feasible and when upstream sources of disturbance have been alleviated.	Once upstream sources of sediment have been mitigated, excavate new channel in a meandering pattern with channel geometry based on average bankfull width see conceptual prescription drawing. Armour meander bends with angular rock down to below thalweg depth to prevent scour of toe and collapse of bank. Aim to restore channel gradient to that of reach 2 upstream. Restoring channel pattern and gradient should restore a rifflepool pattern without expensive construction of channel features. Effectiveness monitoring should identify whether LWD additions are needed. Carry out offchannel assessment of oxbow pond to determine feasibility for restoration groundwater yield and water quality. Restore access to oxbow pond by excavating and armouring a channel which connects with Barren Creek with a gradient suitable to maintaining design water levels in the pond and access between the two water bodies. Build a berm to protect the oxbow during floods from the Bulkley River and Barren Creek. This could probably be constructed from excavated fill from the pond. Carry out riparian prescriptions as outlined.	Newbury and Gaboury, 1993 WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapters 6, 7, and 12
Barren	Barren	2	2	BAR008	1	0275 metres upstream of reach 12 break, UTM 9.6037900.660350	9	6037900	660350	Private	Slumping hillside below land clearing combined with toe erosioncaused by a log jam lateral movement of thalweg	Add lifespan to natural toe armouring and restore ground and vegetation cover tomitigate surface erosion.	5 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance, andor when passive restoration needs to be integrated with active restoration.	See riparian prescription in appendix F	Chatwin et al., 1994 Donat, 1995
Barren	Barren	2	3	–	1	1050 metres upstream from reach break. UTM 9.6038100.660100 to6038300.660020.	9	6038100	660100	Private	Landowner has diverted creek away from their powerline fromwhich all riparian vegetation was removed, and straight into the forest. This diversion isa huge source of sediment as indicated by field observations. This is only one of severaldiversions by the landowner to straighten the channel in the vicinity.	To restore channel morphology, mitigate bank erosion problems in old channel,and block off new channel and baffle with LWD.	5 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance, andor when passive restoration needs to be integrated with active restoration.	Plans for this work are presented in the conceptual drawing. The general steps are to carry out restoration work in the old channel, planting riparian vegetation and making tree revetments on outside banks, then to block off the new channel and restore flow to the old channel, followed by baffling of the old channel with LWD laid crosswise with rootwads forward to mitgate any flood damage which might occur should the creek jump the berm created to maintain flow in the old channel. Tree stocking and species selection for riparian planting are consistent with those prescribed for Barren impact prescription 1.	Donat, 1995 WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapter 6
Barren	Barren	2	4	BAR017	2	2300 metres upstream from reach break. UTM 9.6039000.659600. MichelleBay FSR crossing.	9	6039000	659600	Private MOF and BC Hydro rightofway	Poor culvert installation at Michelle Bay FSR is a barrier toupstream fish passage by salmonids. It is also highly undersized, and has caused a greatedeal of channel disturbance above it. Backwatering during floods has led to scouring ofunvegetated banks at the powerline and increased toe erosion of a slope upstream. Thissediment is aggrading upstream and being delivered downstream.	To restore access to juvenile and adult salmonids, particularly coho salmon andsteelhead trout and to restore channel damage once the culvert has been replaced.	1 Reestablish upstream access to resident and anadromous fish species where barriers have been created by landuse.2 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance, andor when passive restoration needs to be integrated with active restoration.	Replacement of current culvert with and openbottom culvert sized to a 1 in 100 year flood event, and with a width equal to or greater than the average bankfull width. Gradient of streambed with new culvert installation should not exceed 3. Bed for new culvert should be preroad substrate. Stream substrate placed arbitrarily or otherwise over fine textured road fill will result in loss of substrate downstream. Installation of baffles in the culvert to facilitate fish passage at higher flows. Installation of snow deflectors on either side of road above culvert to minimize the amount of sediment entering the stream in snow removed from the road surface. Bar and slope stabilization related to upstream impacts caused by the existing undersized culvert.	Soto, 1997a Soto, 1997b WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapter 5 and 6 Donat, 1995 Chatwin et al, 1994Survey and Design Work Required Engineering survey to create planprofile drawings and proper design specifications for bridge and installation features. Creation of field report summarizing detailed cost estimate, engineering drawings and design specifications and workplan.Survey and Design Cost Estimate Engineering Survey FeesProfessional engineer for 6 days600day3600, two surveyors for one day300day600 Total4200 Engineering Survey Expenses Equipment and vehicle rental250, per diems150, travel and accomodation3000, report materials500, project management and administration500 Total4400 Total cost estimate 8600Estimated Cost of Implementing Works Culvert Replacement28 000
Aitken	Aitken	3	1	AIT25	1	1226 metres upstream from the reach break, UTM 9.6034200.663300	9	6034200	663300	Private	Surface compaction, loss of vegetation leading to gully failure fromupslope cutblock see figure 181.	To rehabilitate slide and mitigate surface erosion from exposed face.	1 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance.	works are outlined in riparian prescription	Donat, 1995 Chatwin et. al, 1994
Aitken	Aitken	3A	2 and 3	AIT29, 3033, 35	1	1560 to 1705 metres, 1800 to 2095 metres, 2649 to 2829 metres	–	6037080	661076	Private	Riparian forest had undergone extensive clearcutting in the 1970sto the streambanks and is not naturally regenerating, floodplain function is poor, and hashigh rates of lateral movement.	To restore forest cover in the riparian zone and thus aid in restoring bankstability, LWD sources, and stream shading.	1 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance. 2 Carry out passive and active restoration to reduce soil compaction on the active floodplain, reconnect the channel to the active floodplain, and restore key features such as LWD.	as outlined in riparian prescriptions	–
Aitken	Aitken	3A	4	AIT37	1	3723 metres upstream from reach break. UTM 9.6037900.660350	9	6037900	660350	Private	Slope failure related to concentration of surface water ontounstable slope above creek.	To divert and slow surface drainage from this area, and to rehabilitate the slidesurface to mitigate surface erosion and sediment delivery to the creek.	1 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance.	outlined in riparian prescriptions	Donat, 1995 Chatwin et al., 1994
Buck	Klo	2	1	KLO21 and 22	1	2400 metres and 2750 metres upstream from the reach break. Belowcutblock 93L.028, FLA 16827CP31402 fprest cover map opening 10.	–	6008642	668770	Crown	Forest harvesting to lip of slope and gully headwalls decreasingwind resistance and causing increased water load in gullies. A great deal of windthrow atblock boundaries is suspected to have been responsible for several small gully failuresand partial gully failures. The effects of this problem will likely worsen as root networkscontinue to decay after harvesting.	To prevent further slope instability prior to major failures occurring	1 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability	outlined in riparian prescription prescription to be completed following further assessment of areas for riparian restoration workplan phases will consist of assessmentsurveydesign, bioengineering stock acquirement, windthrow prevention measures, pole drain construction, check dam construction, field reporting, and monitoring plan development all field work to be carried out with crew of three labourers and crew leaderAccess cutblock	Chatwin et al., 1994 Anonymous, 1995a Donat, 1995Survey and Design Work Required Consultation and site visit with Professional Geoscientist, including short report prepared by P.Geo. outlining their interpretations, concerns, and input into the riparian prescription including identifying other areas for preventative maintenancerestoration along the cutblock boundary. Silviculture Prescription formulation, site visit with RPF, and RPF signoff.Survey and Design Cost Estimate Geoscientist consultation feesprofessional geoscientist for 3 days600day1800, project leadercoordinator for 3 days300day900 total2700 Geoscientist consultation expensesvehicle rental130, per diems80,, report materials100, project management and administration50 Total360 Silviculture Prescription Ecologist for 2 days300day, RPF for 1 day500day500 expenses Total1600 Total cost estimate 4660Approvals Required Federal Fisheries Act MELP fisheries branch BC Water Act, section 9 notification and approval Forest Practices Code Silviculture Prescription Ministry of ForestsEnvironmental Measures No work during rain events. Sediment routing downslope isunlikely given the location of work on the gully headwall, and installed check damsshould act as sediment dams for the period shortly after construction.
Buck	Upper Buck	11B	1	UB8	2	FSR 2417 crossing of unnamed tributary to Buck Creek at upstream end ofstudy area. UTM 9.6003100.678400	9	6003100	678400	Crown	Undesized and perched culvert is blocking upstream access torainbow trout, and causing bank erosion and aggradation downstream by increasing watervelocities and stream power.	To restore fish passage and mitigate channel impacts.	1 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability2 Reestablish upstream access to areas which have been blocked for resident fish passage by landuse activities	Replacement of existing culvert with an open bottom culvert sized to a 1 in 100 year flood event and with a width equal to or greater than the average bankfull width of the creek. Complexing and armouring of the pool below the culvert with LWD rootwads keyed into the bank and ballasted with boulders. Planting of conifers and shrubs to improve banks stability on the creek between the road crossing and its confluence with Buck Creek 0.6 ha of planting. Conifer planting sites will be manually brushed and screefed. through existing vegetation. Shrubs red osier dogwood, highbush cranberry will be planted densely on banks where required. Design details are included in the conceptual prescription drawing see over	Soto, 1997a Soto, 1997b WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapter 5 and 6 Donat, 1995 Chatwin et al, 1994Survey and Design Work Required Engineering survey to create planprofile drawings and proper design specifications for bridge and installation features. Creation of field report summarizing detailed cost estimate, engineering drawings and design specifications and workplan. Silviculture Prescription formulation, site visit with RPF, and RPF signoff.Survey and Design Cost Estimate Engineering Survey FeesProfessional engineer for 6 days600day3600, two surveyors for one day300day600 Total4200 Engineering Survey Expenses Equipment and vehicle rental250, per diems150, travel and accomodation3000, report materials500, project management and administration500 Total4400 Silviculture Prescription Ecologist for 2 days300day, RPF for 1 day500day500 expenses Total1600 Total cost estimate 10 200Estimated Cost of Implementing Works Culvert Replacement14 000 Related works rock armouring, baffling10 000 Complexingarmouring pool with rootwadsacquiringmoving LWD500, acquiringmoving boulders250, materials placement excavator x 1 day1600, cabling and fastening labourmaterials1000 Total 2350 Riparian planting 2400 labour 600 conifer stock Total3000 Total cost estimate 29 350
Buck	Buck	1	1	BUC004,006 and 007	2	0980 to 1650	–	6030871.326	651985.231	Private municipal	Channelizing of both banks and diversion of creek away fromtownsite. Has lead to major habitat simplification, downstream sedimentation anderosion, and aggradation upstream and downstream, as well as loss of floodplain andriparian function within the channelized section.	To increase the spatial complexity of salmonid habitat and decrease streampower in this section, thereby mitigating impacts downstream.	1 Reestablish spatial habitat diversity and quality, and hydraulic energy dissipation in areas that have been channelized. A longterm goal which requires cooperation between private landowners and regulatory agencies is the dechannelizing of these areas and their reconnection to normal floodplain functioning, which is beyond the scope of this project.	See Emerson reach 1 or Richfield reach 1 for an example of prescription concept. With an interval of 67 channel widths between structures 100120 metres there will a total of 8 to 9 riffle, weir, or groyne structures required. Average riffle length should be based on maintaining a 10 101 slope on the riffle face. Material sizing should be approximately the average D 23.5 cm times a safety factor of 1.5. This would yield materials sizes in the vicinity of 3536 cm on the baxis diameter.	Newbury et al., 1997 Soto, 1997 Donat, 1995 Newbury and Gaboury, 1993
Buck	Buck	1	2	BUC010012	2	0 metres to 0980 metres	–	6029829.253	652745.065	Private, municipal	Increased water velocities generated in the straight channelizedsection are leading to a gradual strightening of the channel pattern donwstream, asavulsions are slowly occurring. These will eventually lead to a straight channel all theway to the mouth.	Maintain channel morphology and prevent forthcoming avulsions.	1 Not in master plan objectives.	Bank armouring of ouside meander banks at the edge of the bankfull width below the existing channelized section to maintain channel morphology and prevent avulsions. Energies are too high here to consider the use of organic materials, so large angular rock structures to bankfull height are prescribed. All rock toe armouring should be installed to below the deepest portion of the thalweg to prevent scouring and undercutting of bank toes and therefore structure failure. The structures should be appropriately engineered to withstand 1 in 50 to 1 in 100 year flood events. Structures should not infringe on the bankfull width, but should be installed at either edge of the bankfull width, allowing the channel to adjust its pattern somewhat to changes in discharge. Riparian prescriptions outline riparian restoration to be carried out in concert with this prescription to restore stream shading and longterm LWD supply.	WRP Technical Circular 9, Chapter 6 Donat, 1995
Buck	Buck	2	1	–	2	1700 metres upstream from the reach 12 break. UTM 9.6028000.653720	9	6028000	653720	Private, lot 2094	Loss of sediment storage function at geomorphic notch point logjams at canyon mouth due to decreasing upstream LWD supply and an altered basinrunoff regime. This is leading to cumulative sediment impacts propogating downstreamand exacerbating impacts there.	Reestablish log jam in geomorphic notch point to store upstream sediment andLWD.	3 Reestablish sediment storage functions such as log jams in geomorphic notch points where they are lacking. Maintain anadromous access through these areas in concert with the former goal where applicable.	See Buck Creek reach 4 for example of prescription concept. Construction of one debris catcher on each side of channel using 5060 cm dbh conifer stems and boulders. Boulders are cabled to stems for ballast, and main logs are keyed into banks up to 3 metres of their length. Logs used in debris catchers are to be 69 metres long. As opposed to the prescription presented for Buck Creek reach 4, these debris catchers are to be constructed approximately across from each other. With a Chezy velocity of 1.82 ms, ballast requirements should be identical to Buck reach 4 prescription unless longer logs are used. Assuming five equally sized logs, the ballast requirements for the structure with 9 metre long logs is 180 kgm x 45 m 8100 kg. Using one large anchor boulder a third of the ballast requirements and four smaller anchor boulders, ballast requirements could be met with one 1.3 metre diameter boulder 2430 kg and four 0.95 metre diameter boulders 1420 kg.	WRP Technical Circular 9, chapter 9
Buck	Buck	4	1	–	2	5350 metres upstream from the reach 34 break. UTM 9.6019120.652980.Nearest road access at Buck Flats road, approximately 500 metres downstream.	9	6019120	652980	Private, lot 5205	Loss of sediment storage function at geomorphic notch point logjams at canyon mouth due to decreasing upstream LWD supply and an altered basinrunoff regime. This is leading to cumulative sediment impacts propogating downstreamand exacerbating impacts there.	Reestablish log jam in geomorphic notch point to store upstream sediment andLWD.	III. Reestablish sediment storage functions such as log jams in geomorphic notch points where they are lacking. Maintain anadromous access through these areas in concert with the former goal where applicable.	Construction of two staggered lateral debris catchers to catch logs and create a full spanning log jam at the notch point. The downstream debris catchers will be approximately 2530 linear metres below the upstream catcher. A staggered configuration on such a sharp bend in the creek will enhance the potential and effectiveness of creating a fullspanning log jam. The lack of floodplain here will minimize the probability of lateral movement compromising the integrity of the works. Construction will consist of a five log triangular configuration ballasted with cabled boulders. Main logs are to be keyed into the bank. Suggested dimensions for logs are 5060 cm dbh and 6 m lengths. Logs should be coniferous stock to maximize longevity. Ballast requirements for each entire structure, based on singlelog calculations for ballast, are 5400 kg. One large boulder and four smaller boulders are suggested. The largest boulder is to be cabled to the apex of the structure in the area of greatest stress and loading. Smaller boulders are cabled to single logs throughout the debris catcher to enhance the integrity of logs keyed into the bank. Suggested specifications for the largest boulder are 1.1 metres baxis diameter 2000 kg, and the four smaller boulders are 0.8 metres diameter 850 kg each.	WRP Technical Circular 9, chapter 9 Streamlines WRP technical bulletin vol.3, no.2, pgs.1718
Bulkley	Bulkley River	1	1	BUL29 and BUL32	1	Site 1 4553 to 4750 metres UTM 9.6030100.648600 upstream from theBulkleyMorice confluence and Site 2 5940 to 6080 metres UTM9.6029800.649100 upstream from the BulkleyMorice confluence. Both sites aredownslope from the Michelle Bay FSR.	9	6030100	648600	Private, lots 2114 and 2116	Subsurface and surface runoff diversion and concentrationdownslope by the Michelle Bay FSR both sites and a section of the old highway site 1are causing extensive surface erosion and slumping of the valley walls. These sites arelarge sources of fine sediment in runoff and mass movements to the Bulkley River.	To stabilize slopes and mitigate fine sediment inputs from these sites to theriver.	V. Stabilize upslope point sources of sediment through consideration of surface and groundwater pathways, as well as shear stresses and toe erosion.	Survey and design and site visits with road and hydrologic engineers. Recompact and revegetate old highway road surface above site 1. Divert drainage at multiple points to ensure that erosive power of surface water is minimized on the road surface and downslope. Carry out FSRrelated rehabilitation through the WRP roadshillslopesgullies funding envelope. Carry out slope bioengineering as per riparian prescriptions when upslope impact vectors have been addressed.	Donat, 1995 Chatwin et al., 1994
Bulkley	Bulkley River	2	1	BUL63	2	3263 to 3852 metres upstream of the reach 12 break. UTM9.6033300.655300. TRIM mapsheet 93L.047.	–	6033300	655300	Private, lot 1166	Removal of riparian forest for hay farming upstream of a meanderneck led to extensive bank erosion. The bank erosion caused a change in the angle ofattack of the main flow thalweg on the outside bank of the meander downstream. Theincreased shear stress on the meander neck lead to an avulsion in the spring, 1997 flood.	To increase river sinuosity and channel complexity by restoring flow to originalchannel. Avulsion channel will be blocked off and revegetated.	No objective in master plan.	Consult with river engineergeomorphologist to ensure project is feasible and practical, and to size material to design specifications. Carry out riparian prescription to stabilize upstream bank erosion at hay field. Fill in avulsion channel with a matrix of SWD and LWD and typical unsorted sandgravelcobble granular spoil. Carry out landfilling by weaving wood and then adding spoil in successive layers, rather than all wood and then all spoil in two stages. This will ensure that all voids around wood are filled and subsurface flow routing will not undermine the works. Carry out bank armouring as required on upstream end of avulsion, and revegetate landfilled avulsion channel.	–
Bulkley	Bulkley River	2	2	BUL129	1	12860 metres upstream from the reach 12 break, and 0 to 150 metresupstream of the Knockholt Bridge McKilligan Road on the downstream left bank.UTM 9.6037350.660800.	9	6037350	660800	Private, lots 2617 and 2087	Severe bank erosion of finetextured soils and aggradation atagricultural hay land due to channel constriction at the Knockholt Bridge and removalof riparian forestsoil compaction by agricultural machinery. The channel constriction bythe bridge downstream of the impact site is causing bank scouring and erosion as a largeeddy is formed above. The circular motion of the eddy is undercutting the bank toe.	To rehabilitate the stream bank and stabilize bars, promoting sedimentdeposition and natural bar recolonization. To narrow the bankfull channel width in thisarea.	III.Increase bank stability through passive and active restoration of root networks at cleared land, and restocking of appropriate siteseries specific vegetation when and if upstream disturbances have been alleviated.IV.Stabilize extensive bars and promote channel narrowing and deepening where feasible and when upstream sources of disturbance have been alleviated.	Armour streambanks with whole logsrootwads 57 m in length, 4050 cm dbh, incorporating ballast, footer logs, and soil stabilizing vegetation as shown in conceptual drawing, and as described in technical references. Construct vegetated riprap groynes to catch sediment and increase channel roughness. This will act to decrease erosive power of the current in the destabilized area, and create excellent conditions for recolonization of extensive bars by shrubs. Carry out riparian prescription as outlined.	WRP Technical Circular 9, chapter 6 Donat, 1995 Streamlines WRP Technical Bulletin Vol. 2, no.3, pgs. 14
Bulkley	Bulkley River	2	3	–	2	Bulkley River floodplain overbank flow channels, downstream rightfloodplain between highway and river at the upstream end of reach 2. This is anextensive area of historic lateral movement and sediment deposition as the river channelbecomes less confined downstream of reach 3. See TRIM mapsheet 93L.048. The areaof interest is roughly bound by a square with corners with coordinates UTM9.6039000.661600, 9.6038500.662000, 9.6040100.662700, and 9.6039900.663200.	–	–	–	Private, lots 3467, 3313 and 200.	Extensive floodplain development for hay cultivation, anddiversion of the river has led to poor floodplain and riparian function and extensivesurface erosion during overbank floods.	To restore floodplain functions, rehabilitate riparian forest and reduce surfaceerosion of unforested and compacted soils by restoring and revegetating overbank floodchannels.	I. Restoring floodplain function and lateral channel movement where feasible to increase spatial habitat diversity and improve overwintering and summer rearing habitat, buffer high and low water levels and water temperatures downstream, and increase overbank sediment storage.II. Mitigate flood damage by overbank flooding and improve offchannel habitat creation and access to the mainstem on cleared land by revegetating and reconnecting floodplain flood channels and baffling them with LWD in key locations.	Assess and map feasible flood channels in this area for restoration, provided landowner cooperation can be secured. Using large cottonwood stems, baffle the floodplain channels with LWD. Stems should be oriented in twos in a vformation with the apex of two stems pointing upstream. This will promote deepening of these channels and concentration of the flow in the next overbank flood, rather than the opposite effect. Extensively plant the channels with shrub species and the margins of the channels with climax vegetation. There should be a 3050 metre buffer strip of vegetation around each flood channel. Fence the areas off to livestock if they are present.Note This is a relatively untested method and capital intensive prescription which mayyield significant positive results. The potential for a combination of restoring floodplainfunction and rare floodplain riparian forest and creating abundant offchannel habitat inthis geomorphically important and active area is promising. However, there is also asignificant risk of failure and damage to private land and the fisheries resource strandingand sedimentation of downstream habitat if the appropriate specialists geomorphologist, river engineer are not consulted. The survey and design phase is crucial in thisprescription.	–
Emerson	Emerson	1	1	EME2	2	0425 to 0535 metres upstream from mouth. UTM 9.6035500.641720.Walcott road and CNR railway crossing.	9	6035500	641720	Private, road and CNR rightofway, lot 741	Channelizing and straightening of creek on both banks throughbridgecrossing area has led to habitat simplification, loss of riparian forest andfloodplain functions, donstream bank erosion and aggradation and upstream aggradation.	To complex channelized section with hard structures, dissipate stream power,increase habitat area and diversity, and restore stream shading and overhead cover forfish through riparian shrub planting.	2 Reestablish spatial habitat diversity and quality, and hydraulic energy dissipation in areas that have been channelized. A longterm goal which requires cooperation between private landowners and regulatory agencies is the dechannelizing of these areas and their reconnection to normal floodplain functioning, which is beyond the scope of this project.	Survey and design phase including consultation with a river engineer andor geomorphologist. Construction of two attracting groynes and one set of opposing wing deflectors using hard materials instream. Structures are constructed at 27 metre intervals from each other. Attracting groynes are oriented 45o downstream from the bank. Rock material is placed in a trench dug to 1 metre below the bed surface to reduce the chance of undercutting. Lateral grade from the bank to the apex of the groyne is 150. The height of the groyne is the average wetted depth in the channelized section. Size of materials should be 25.5 cm baxis diameter or larger average D in riffles in this reach times a safety factor of 1.5. The opposing wing deflectors are constructed at 45o up and downstream from the bank on either axis. Rock material is placed in trenches dug to 1 metre below the existing bed surface. Lateral grade from the bank to the apex of the deflector should ensure that the bank end root is to bankfull height and the apex is 0.3 metres above the mean water level. Rock material on the upstream face should be larger than downstream recommended size in WRTC9 is 2 m diameter on upstream face. The interior of the deflector can be filled with smaller granular spoil. Low growing and overhanging shrubs are planted in the riprap as per the riparian prescription. Signs are to be placed indicating the riparian works to railway and road maintenance crews.	Donat, 1995 WRP Technical Circular 9, chapters 6 and 11
Emerson	Emerson	1	2	EME6 and EME7	1	0792 and 1080 metres upstream from the mouth, right bank. UTM9.6035400.641700 and 9.6035180.641500 respectively. Both sites are directlydownslope from the Walcott Road.	–	6035400	641700	Private, lot 741.	Diversion of surface and subsurface drainage by the Walcott Roadcausing two slope failures and inputs of sediment and debris. Sediment input is due tothe failures themselves and chronic surface erosion of the exposed mineral soils.	To stabilize and revegetate the slopes by altering drainage patterns from theroad ditchlines and using bioengineering techniques when the road works have proveneffective.	5 Stabilize upslope and riparian sources of sediment and prevent further occurrence of slope and bank instability when and if upstream sources of disturbance have been removed andor where restoration will have a high probablity of success despite upstream sources of disturbance, andor when passive restoration needs to be integrated with active restoration.	Consultation with road and hydrologic specialists to assess road impacts on drainage patterns in the slope. Road works carried out through the WRP roadshillslopesgullies funding envelope. Carry out riparian prescriptions to stabilize slope and filter surface sediments when road works have proved effective.	Donat, 1995 Chatwin et al., 1994